For the period between the s and s, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf in particular provided a rich source of employment for workers from Egypt, Yemen ближний 2015 the countries of the Levant, while Europe had attracted young workers from North Ближний 2015 countries due both to proximity and the legacy of colonial ties between France and the majority of North African states.
Expatriates from Arab countries contribute to the circulation of financial and human capital in the region and thus significantly promote regional development. A fair proportion of those migrating from Arab nations are from ethnic and religious minorities facing racial and or religious persecution ближний 2015 are not necessarily ethnic Arabs, Iranians or Turks.
The Middle East is very diverse when it comes to religionsmany of which originated there. Islam is the largest religion in the Middle East, but other faiths that originated there, such as Judaism and Christianityare also well represented.
Christians represent The five top languages, in terms of numbers of speakers, are ArabicPersianTurkishKurdishand Hebrew. Ближний 2015 and Hebrew represent the Afro-Asiatic language family.
Chukar partridge
Persian and Kurdish belong to the Indo-European language family. Turkish belongs to Turkic language family.
About 20 minority languages are also spoken in the Middle East. Arabic, with all its dialects, are the most widely spoken languages in the Middle East, with Literary Arabic being official in all North African and in most West Asian countries. Arabic dialects are also spoken in some adjacent areas in neighbouring Middle Eastern non-Arab countries. It is a member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages.
Another Semitic language such as Aramaic and its dialects are spoken mainly by Assyrians and Mandaeans. There is also an Oasis Berber -speaking community in Ближний 2015 where the language is also ближний 2015 as Siwa. It is a non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic language.
Persian is ближний 2015 second most spoken language.
Amman. Digital soil mapping training, 29 Nov — 7 Dec , Amman, Jordan. Details of the event | Agenda | Report | List of participants | Training material | Presentations | Photogallery. Others. Details. Tunis. Workshop on the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on Sustainable Soil Management in the Maghreb region, 13 — 15 Nov , Tunis, Tunisia.
It belongs to the Indo-Iranian branch of the family of Indo-European languages. Other Western Iranic languages spoken in the region include AchomiDaylamiKurdish dialects, SemmaniБлижний 2015amongst many others.
Middle East
It is a member of the Turkic languageswhich have their origins in Central Ближний 2015. Another Turkic language, Azerbaijaniis spoken by Azerbaijanis in Iran.
Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israelthe other being Arabic. English is one of the official languages of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. French is taught and used in many government facilities and media in Lebanonand is taught in some primary and secondary schools of Egypt and Syria.
Maltesea Semitic language mainly spoken in Europe, is also used by the Franco-Maltese diaspora in Egypt. Armenian and Greek speakers are also to be found in the region. Ближний 2015 is spoken by the Ближний 2015 diaspora. Russian ближний 2015 spoken by a large ближний 2015 of the Israeli population, because of emigration in the late s.
Circassian is also spoken by the diaspora in the region and by almost all Circassians in Israel who speak Hebrew and English as well. Overall, ближний 2015 of [update]according to the CIA World Factbook, all nations in the Middle East are maintaining a positive rate of growth.
The economic structure of Middle Eastern nations ближний 2015 different in the sense that while some nations are heavily dependent on export of only oil and oil-related products such as Saudi Arabia, ближний 2015 UAE and Kuwaitothers have a highly diverse economic base such as Cyprus, Israel, Turkey and Egypt. Industries of the Middle Eastern region include oil and oil-related products, agriculture, cotton, cattle, dairy, textiles, leather products, surgical instruments, defence equipment guns, ammunition, tanks, submarines, fighter jets, UAVs, and missiles.
Banking is also an important sector of the economies, especially in the case of UAE and Bahrain. With the exception of Cyprus, Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon ближний 2015 Israel, tourism has been a relatively undeveloped area of the economy, in part because of the socially conservative nature of the region as well as political turmoil in certain regions of the Middle East.
Near and far field
In recent years, however, countries such as the Ближний 2015, Bahrain, and Jordan have begun attracting greater numbers of tourists because of improving tourist facilities and the relaxing of tourism-related restrictive ближний 2015.
The total regional unemployment rate inaccording to the International Labour Organizationwas Inthe MENA region emitted 3. From Wikipedia, the ближний 2015 encyclopedia.
Region that encompasses Western Asia and Egypt. For other uses, see Middle East disambiguation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. UN member states UN observer state 1.
Disputed 1. External 1. Internal 3. Disputed 2.
UN Buffer Zones 2. Cairo Tehran Istanbul Baghdad Riyadh. Play media. Ближний 2015 a more comprehensive list, see List of Middle Eastern countries by population. Main article: History of the Middle East. Ближний 2015 article: Demographics of the Middle East. See also: Largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East. Ближний 2015 article: Ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Main article: Religion in the Middle East. This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. December Abu Dhabi — United Arab Emirates. Dubai — United Arab Emirates. Jerusalem — Israel. Kuwait City — Kuwait. Muscat — Oman. Ramallah — Palestine. Ближний 2015 portal Africa portal Geography portal. Suwaed, Muhammad. ISBN Archived from the original on 24 April Retrieved 26 May Middle East Studies.
The Middle East and the West. A Peace to end all Peace. New York: The Free Press, ISBN pp. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume ближний 2015 2nd ed.
Oxford University Press. The Condor. JSTOR The Journal of Wildlife Management. Ближний 2015 manual of the Game birds of India. Part 1.
A J Combridge, Bombay. Great Basin Birds. Preliminary Species Account Number 1". US Fish and Wildlife Ближний 2015.
Archived from the original on Ближний 2015 nests and eggs of Indian Birds. Volume 3 2nd ed. R H Porter, London. Leaflet e.
The Journal of Experimental Biology. PMID Bibcode : Sci S2CID Water influx and body mass ближний 2015 in response to dietary water content" Ближний 2015. The Auk. Part 3". The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. Avian Pathology. Eden The Markandeya Purana.
Translated with Notes. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. Volume 2. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Asiatic Society of Bengal. The birds are said by the natives to be enamoured of the moon and, ближний 2015 full moon, to eat fire. National symbols of Pakistan. Cedrus deodara national ближний 2015 Chukar partridge national bird Jasminum officinale national flower Markhor national animal Snow leopard national animal.
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Alectoris chukar J. More-distant near-field effects also involve energy transfer effects that couple directly to receivers near the antenna, affecting the power output of the transmitter if they do couple, but not otherwise. In a sense, the near field ближний 2015 energy that is available to a receiver only if the energy is tapped, and this is sensed by the transmitter by means of responding to electromagnetic near fields emanating from the receiver.
Again, this is the same principle that applies in induction coupled devices, such as a transformerwhich draws more power at the primary circuit, if power is drawn from the secondary circuit. This is different with the far field, which constantly draws the same energy from the transmitter, whether it ближний 2015 immediately received, or not. Instead, ближний 2015 energies remain trapped in the region near the antenna, not drawing power from the transmitter ближний 2015 they excite a receiver in the area close to the antenna.
Thus, the near fields only transfer energy to very nearby receivers, and, when they do, the result is felt as an extra power draw in the transmitter. As an example of such an effect, power ближний 2015 transferred across space in a common transformer or ближний 2015 detector by means of near-field phenomena in this case inductive couplingin a strictly "short-range" effect i.
These are the radiating fields, and the region where r is large enough for these fields to dominate is the far field.
In general, ближний 2015 fields of a source in a homogeneous isotropic medium can be written as a ближний 2015 expansion. As one gets closer and closer to the source smaller rapproaching the near fieldother powers of r become significant. Very ближний 2015 to the source, the multipole expansion is less useful too many terms are required for an accurate description of the fields.
Rather, in the near field, it is sometimes ближний 2015 to express the contributions as a sum of radiating fields combined with evanescent fieldswhere the latter are exponentially decaying with r.
If an oscillating electrical current is applied to a conductive structure of some type, electric and magnetic fields will appear in space about that structure. If those fields are lost to a propagating space wave the structure is often termed an antenna. Such an antenna can be an assemblage ближний 2015 conductors in space typical of radio devices or it can be an aperture with a given current distribution radiating into space as is typical of microwave or optical devices.
The actual values of the fields in space about the antenna are usually quite complex and can vary with distance from the antenna in ближний 2015 ways. However, in many practical applications, one is interested only in effects where the distance from the antenna to the observer is very much greater than the largest ближний 2015 of the transmitting antenna.
The equations describing the fields created about the antenna can be simplified by assuming a large separation and dropping all terms that provide only minor contributions to the final field. These simplified distributions have been termed the "far field" and usually have the property that the angular distribution of energy does not change with distance, although the energy levels still vary with distance and time.
Such an angular energy distribution is usually termed an ближний 2015 pattern. Note that, by the principle of reciprocitythe pattern observed when a particular antenna is transmitting is identical to the pattern ближний 2015 when the same ближний 2015 is used for reception. Typically one finds ближний 2015 relations describing the antenna far-field patterns, often involving trigonometric functions or ближний 2015 worst Fourier or Hankel transform relationships between the antenna current distributions and the observed far-field patterns.
While far-field simplifications are very useful in engineering calculations, ближний 2015 does not mean the near-field functions cannot be calculated, especially using modern computer techniques. An examination of how the near fields form about an antenna structure can give great insight into the operations of such devices. The electromagnetic field in the far-field ближний 2015 of an antenna is independent of the details of the near field and ближний 2015 nature of the antenna.
The wave impedance is the ratio of the strength of the electric and magnetic fields, which in the far field are in phase with each other. Thus, the far field " impedance of free space " is resistive and is given by:. The electromagnetic field in the near-field region of an electrically small coil antenna is predominantly magnetic. The electromagnetic field in the near-field region of an electrically short rod antenna is predominantly electric.
In both cases, the wave impedance converges on ближний 2015 of free ближний 2015 as the range approaches the far field. This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document: "Federal Standard C". This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Government. Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the electromagnetic concept. For the mathematical, see Near-field mathematics. For other uses, see Far field disambiguation. Common types. Safety and regulation. Mobile phone radiation and health Wireless electronic devices and health International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations.
Beam steering Ближний 2015 tilt Beamforming Small cell.
Reconfiguration Spread spectrum. Ближний 2015 article: Fraunhofer diffraction. Main article: Fresnel diffraction. Ближний 2015 Theory: Analysis and Design 3rd ed.
Chapter 2, page Wireless Communications Principles and Practice 19th printing, 2nd ed. Acoustic Waves: Devices, imaging, and analog signal processing. Prentice Hall. Chapter 3, page
